Head to Head

How do dissent and disagreement tip over into civil war? And is peace, when it comes, ever absolute?

East was East and West was West – until 1989. The Wall is gone, but are its Cold War demarcations still there?

Does a state need a book of rules by which to operate? And who are those rules for, anyway?

History is built with words. How have historians filled the silence that came before?

An old-fashioned feature of a fusty, inegalitarian past, when did the British stop knowing their place?

So called because it passed without a shot being fired, the Carnation Revolution of 25 April 1974 brought Portugal’s authoritarian Estado Novo to an end. Could the state have survived?

Four historians evaluate perceptions of Rome’s eastern successor beyond the piety, icons, bureaucracy and gold of Byzantium.

The Norman Conquest brought French kings, language and culture across the Channel. What did that mean for medieval England?

Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948. As India has changed, so has his place in its history.

By 380, a small cult originating near the periphery of the Roman Empire had grown to become its official religion: Christianity. Things would change – but in what ways?